Discussion

There are estimated to be greater than 100 million working horses, mules and donkeys worldwide, many of them found in low income countries where individuals, families and communities are reliant on them for direct and indirect income generation (FAO statistical database website). Working equids have a direct impact on the lives of people by reducing the transport burdens of water, fuel, wood and goods, and are also used for the transportation of people and for agricultural purposes (Garuma et al. 2007). The numbers of working equids are increasing in many of these countries as their importance is highlighted by increases in human populations, global economic issues and a changing environment (Pritchard 2010). Many of these countries do not presently have any animal welfare legislation.

Horses, donkeys and mules suffer particularly from prevalent parasitic and infectious diseases, and diseases associated with poor management practices. It is also acknowledged that there is a lack of recognition of the value of these equids amongst legislators and the international community (Pritchard 2010).

Animal welfare organisations and intergovernmental organisations are working to improve the health and welfare of these equids through many different approaches (provision of veterinary care, training, capacity building, education, advocacy, research and emergency programmes). Focusing on longer term approaches which improve the quality of existing animal health services and their affordability, availability, accessibility and acceptability to animal to owning communities is likely to lead to sustainable improvements in animal health and welfare (Catley et al. 2002).